Internet activity is continuously monitored and observed by various entities, and understanding who watches our online behavior is essential for maintaining digital privacy. Some of the key parties that monitor internet activity include:

1. Internet Service Providers (ISPs): ISPs are companies that provide internet connectivity to users. They have access to a vast amount of data about users’ online activities, including websites visited, search history, and more. In many cases, ISPs may store this data for a certain period, subjecting it to potential scrutiny by authorities or other third parties.
2. Government Agencies: Government agencies, such as intelligence agencies and law enforcement bodies, may monitor internet activity as part of their efforts to combat cyber threats, terrorism, and other criminal activities. In some countries, governments may conduct surveillance on a large scale, sometimes without proper oversight or transparency.
3. Tech Companies and Websites: Many tech companies and websites collect user data for various purposes, including targeted advertising, improving user experience, and generating insights. While some companies take privacy seriously and anonymize data, others may track users extensively, potentially raising privacy concerns.
4. Hackers and Cybercriminals: Cybercriminals continually seek opportunities to exploit vulnerabilities and gain unauthorized access to user data for malicious purposes. They may target personal information, financial data, or sensitive files.
5. 5 Eyes, 9 Eyes, and 14 Eyes Alliances: These are international surveillance alliances formed by various countries to share intelligence and collaborate on surveillance activities. The most well-known among them is the “Five Eyes” alliance, consisting of five English-speaking countries: the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. The alliance enables these countries to share intelligence and cooperate in intelligence-gathering activities, including monitoring internet communications.

The “Five Eyes” alliance has been criticized for its potential impact on global privacy, as it allows member countries to access vast amounts of data from each other’s citizens and share surveillance capabilities. The “9 Eyes” and “14 Eyes” alliances include additional countries that have extended their intelligence-sharing cooperation.

To protect their online privacy, individuals can take steps like using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to encrypt their internet traffic, employing strong passwords, being cautious about sharing personal information online, and using privacy-focused browsers and tools. Staying informed about data collection practices and advocating for transparent and responsible data handling by tech companies and governments can also help safeguard digital privacy in an increasingly interconnected world.